Redox chemistry of vanadium in soils and sediments ...
Vanadium is a chemical element with atomic number 23. It is a redox-sensitive element; while it can exist in at least six oxidation states i.e., −1, 0, +2, +3, +4, and + 5, only the three highest oxidation states are important in the natural environment [,, ].Vanadium (+5) and vanadium (+4) are dominant under oxidizing and moderately reducing conditions ().